1789年的《人权宣言》英文版和中文版全文
吴国发
2025年3月18日
内容提要：《人权宣言》，即《人权和公民权宣言》，1789年8月26日颁布。它宣告了人权、法治、自由、分权、平等和保护私有财产等基本原则。本文公布《人权宣言》的英文版和中文版。《人权宣言》的中文版是吴国发翻译的。
关键词：人权宣言法律 公民权 法国 自由 平等
《人权宣言》，即《人权和公民权宣言》，1789年8月26日颁布，是法国大革 命 时期颁布的纲领性文件。它宣告了人权、法治、自由、分权、平等和保护私有财产等基本原则。
《人权宣言》是法国原创的，没有抄袭美国的《宪法》、《独立宣言》和任何其它文献。
《人权宣言》采用了18世纪的启蒙学说和自然权论。它宣布自由、财产、安全和反抗压迫是天赋不可剥夺的人权，肯定了信仰、言论、出版自由，阐明了权力分立、法律面前人人平等、私有财产神圣不可侵犯等原则。
显然，“财产权是神圣的不可侵犯的公民权利”是维护私有制的剥削阶级原则。
下面，我们公布《人权宣言》的英文版和中文版。
《人权宣言》的中文版是吴国发翻译的。
下图是法文《人权宣言》宣传画。上面之间位置的闪光三角形中有一颗全视眼。这是共济会的标志。共济会支持法国大 革 命。
宣言的英文版
《人权宣言》原文是法文。宣言存在若干英文译本。流行的版本有宪法委员会网站的英译本（Declaration of theRights of Man and of Citizens by The National Assembly of France 1789）和托马斯·派恩（Thomas Paine）的译本。这些译本在英文表述上存在细微差别。
派恩的英译本出自他的名著《人权论》，内容如下：
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of Citizens by The NationalAssembly of France
Therepresentatives of the people of FRANCE, formed into a NATIONAL ASSEMBLY,considering that ignorance, neglect, or contempt of human rights, are the solecauses of public misfortunes and corruptions of Government, have resolved toset forth in a solemn declaration, these natural, imprescriptible, andinalienable rights: that this declaration being constantly present to the mindsof the members of the body social, they may be forever kept attentive to theirrights and their duties；that the acts of the legislative and executive powers of Government, beingcapable of being every moment compared with the end of political institutions,may be more respected；and also, that the future claims of the citizens, being directed by simple andincontestable principles, may always tend to the maintenance of theConstitution, and the general happiness.
Forthese reasons the NATIONAL ASSEMBLY doth recognize and declare, in the presenceof the Supreme Being, and with the hope of his blessing and favor, thefollowing sacred rights of men and of citizens:
One:
Menare born, and always continue, free and equal in respect of their rights. Civildistinctions, therefore, can be founded only on public utility.
Two:
Theaim of all political associations is the preservation of the natural andimprescriptible rights of man；and these rights are liberty, property, security, and resistance of oppression.
Three:
Thenation is essentially the source of all sovereignty； nor can any individual,or any body of men, be entitled to any authority which is not expressly derivedfrom it.
Four:
Politicalliberty consists in the power of doing whatever does not injure another. Theexercise of the natural rights of every man, has no other limits than thosewhich are necessary to secure to every other man the free exercise of the samerights； and these limits aredeterminable only by the law.
Five:
Thelaw ought to prohibit only actions hurtful to society. What is not prohibitedby the law should not be hindered；nor should anyone be compelled to that which the law does not require.
Six:
Thelaw is an expression of the will of the community. All citizens have a right toconcur, either personally or by their representatives, in its formation. Itshould be the same to all, whether it protects or punishes； and all being equal inits sight, are equally eligible to all honors, places, and employments,according to their different abilities, without any other distinction than thatcreated by their virtues and talents.
Seven:
Noman should be accused, arrested, or held in confinement, except in casesdetermined by the law, and according to the forms which it has prescribed. Allwho promote, solicit, execute, or cause to be executed, arbitrary orders, oughtto be punished, and every citizen called upon, or apprehended by virtue of thelaw, ought immediately to obey, and renders himself culpable by resistance.
Eight:
Thelaw ought to impose no other penalties but such as are absolutely and evidentlynecessary； and no one ought to bepunished, but in virtue of a law promulgated before the offence, and legallyapplied.
Nine:
Everyman being presumed innocent till he has been convicted, whenever his detentionbecomes indispensable, all rigour to him, more than is necessary to secure hisperson, ought to be provided against by the law.
Ten:
Noman ought to be molested on account of his opinions, not even on account of hisreligious opinions, provided his avowal of them does not disturb the publicorder established by the law.
Eleven:
Theunrestrained communication of thoughts and opinions being one of the mostprecious rights of man, every citizen may speak, write, and publish freely,provided he is responsible for the abuse of this liberty, in cases determinedby the law.
Twelve:
Apublic force being necessary to give security to the rights of men and ofcitizens, that force is instituted for the benefit of the community and not forthe particular benefit of the persons to whom it is entrusted.
Thirteen:
Acommon contribution being necessary for the support of the public force, andfor defraying the other expenses of government, it ought to be divided equallyamong the members of the community, according to their abilities.
Fourteen:
Everycitizen has a right, either by himself or his representative, to a free voicein determining the necessity of public contributions, the appropriation ofthem, and their amount, mode of assessment, and duration.
Fifteen:
Everycommunity has a right to demand of all its agents an account of their conduct.
Sixteen:
Everycommunity in which a separation of powers and a security of rights is notprovided for, wants a constitution.
Seventeen:
Theright to property being inviolable and sacred, no one ought to be deprived ofit, except in cases of evident public necessity, legally ascertained, and oncondition of a previous just indemnity.
王建学的中文版译文有多个错误
《人权宣言》存在若干中文译本，这些译本在中文表述上存在差别。较为权威的中译本是天津大学法学院教授王建学的译本。
笔者吴国发经过认真阅读英文版《人权宣言》，对照王建学翻译的中文版《人权宣言》，发现王建学的译文有些错误，甚至有原则性的错误。
例如，法文版和英文版都没有词汇“序言”（Preface）和“正文”（body text或main text）。可是，王建学的译文加上了“序言”和“正文”。这是中文宣言、宪法、章程的习惯。
又如，第一条，王建学把“Civil distinctions,therefore, can be founded only on public utility”译成“社会差别只能建立在公益基础之上”。这句话的正确译文（吴国发的译文）是“因此，民事区别只能在公用事业方面存在”。这两句译文有实质上的区别：王建学的译文承认社会地位的特权，吴国发的译文否定社会特权。英文public utility的意思是“公用事业”，特指供给居民的自来水、电、煤气等。
再如，第十四条，英文的原文没有词汇“税率、税基”，而王建学的译文却有“决定税率、税基、征收方式和期限”。
下面是吴国发翻译的《人权宣言》。
1789年人权和公民权宣言
（1789年8月26日制宪国民会议颁布）
组成国民议会的法国人民代表，考虑到无知、忽视或蔑视人权是造成公共不幸和政府腐败的唯一原因，决定在一份庄严的宣言中阐明这些自然的、不受限制的和不可剥夺的权利。这项宣言始终存在于社会团体成员的脑海中。他们可以永远关注他们的权利和义务；政府的立法权和行政权的行为，与政治制度的终结相比，每时每刻都将得到更多的尊重；而且，公民的未来要求，在简单而无可争辩的原则的指导下，将总是倾向于维护宪法和普遍的幸福。
出于这些原因，国民议会在至高无上的上帝面前，并希望得到他的祝福和恩惠，承认并宣布以下神圣的人权和公民权。
第一条：
人生来就是而且始终是自由的，在权利方面永远平等。因此，民事区别只能在公用事业方面存在。
第二条：
所有政治性结合的目标都是维护人类自然的和不受时效约束的权利。这些权利是自由、财产、安全和抵抗压迫的权利。
第三条：
国家的所有主权本质上都来源于国民；任何个人或团体都无权获得任何不是明确地来自国民的权力。
第四条：
政治自由在于做任何不伤害他人的事情的能力。每个人的自然权利的行使，除了保证每一个人自由行使同样权利所必需的限制外，没有其他限制；而这些限制只能由法律确定。
第五条：
法律应该只禁止对社会有害的行为。法律不禁止的不应受到阻碍和限制；也不应强迫任何人接受法律没有要求的事情。
第六条：
法律是公意（全体社会成员共同意志）的表达。所有公民都有权亲自或通过其代表参与法律的制定。法律对于所有的人，无论是施行保护或是惩罚，都一视同仁。在法律面前，所有人都是平等的。根据公民的不同能力，他们平等地有资格获得所有的荣誉、地位和工作；除了他们的品德和才能所造成的区别之外，没有任何其他区别。
第七条：
除非是法律所确定的案件，并按照法律所规定的形式进行，任何人都不受指控、逮捕或监禁。凡提倡、教唆、执行或促使执行违法命令的人，都应该受到惩罚。每一个依法被传唤或依法被逮捕的公民，都应该立即服从，抗拒就是犯罪。
第八条：
除了绝对和明显必要的处罚，法律不应施加其它处罚；任何人都不应该受到惩罚，除非根据犯罪之前颁布并依法适用的法律。
第九条：
所有人直到被宣告有罪之前，均应被推定为无罪。即使判定拘留实属必要者，一切为羁押其身体而不必要的严格措施，都是违法的。
第十条：
任何人都不应该因为其观点而遭到干涉，并且也不应该因为其宗教观点而遭到干涉，只要他公开发表这些观点并不扰乱法律所建立的公共秩序。
第十一条：
无拘无束地交流思想和意见是人类最宝贵的权利之一。每个公民都可以自由地说话、写作和出版，只要他在法律规定的情况下对这种自由的滥用承担责任。
第十二条：
公共武装力量是保障人权和公民权所必需的。这种力量是为了社会的利益而设立的，不是为了此种力量的委托人的特殊利益而设立的。
第十三条：
为了支付公共武装力量的开支和支付 政府 的开支，公共赋税是必要的；赋税应在全体公民之间按其能力平等地分摊。
第十四条：
每个公民，无论是自己还是其代表，在决定公共赋税的必要性、公共拨款的数量、分摊方式和期限方面，都有自由发言权。
第十五条：
每个公民和公民团体都有权要求其所有代理人报告他们的行为。
第十六条：
每个社会，如果没有权力分立，没有人权和公民权的保障，那么就需要一部宪法。
第十七条：
财产权是神圣的不可侵犯的公民权利。除非在明显的公共需要的情况下，经法律确定，并有公正的预先补偿的条件，任何人的财产权都不能被剥夺。
