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作者:宠物医师网编委会

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当幼犬的髋关节发出“松弛警报”时,时间就是生命质量!拖延后果费用翻倍,且术后康复难度陡增!

这不是恐吓,是无数临床病例的血泪教训!

摘要

髋关节发育不良是犬类最常见的骨科疾病之一。尽管研究人员一直在探索预测其发展的最佳方法,但更重要的是兽医必须知道如何评估各年龄段犬只的髋关节状况。

一、识别髋关节松弛

无论是否出现临床症状,所有易感品种的犬只均应在12至20周龄期间进行髋关节松弛的体格检查,例如通过“Ortolani征”(提示存在继发骨关节炎的风险)。

Ortolani测试方法:使犬侧卧,髋关节保持中立位,后肢与桌面平行。向膝关节近端方向施加压力,将股骨推向骨盆。缓慢外展肢体,若听到“咔嗒”声或触到股骨头复位,则确认髋关节松弛1。

但需要注意出现阴性结果(无Ortolani征)不能完全排除未来髋关节病变。如果发生退化性变化,例如髋臼重塑可能髋关节掩盖松弛。在某些情况下,例如操作者经验不足或幼犬抗拒可能影响测试准确性。

标准的腹侧X光片可提供髋关节形态、半脱位及骨关节炎等有价值的信息。评估髋关节松弛性的更客观的方法是PennHIP放射检查,其中在成像过程中通过牵引髋关节测量牵引指数(DI)2-4。若DI≥0.7,2岁前发生骨关节炎的风险显著升高。普通X光片在幼犬中可能无法显示半脱位或早期关节炎,易延误诊断。


二、手术干预时机与方案

2.1 幼犬(<20周龄)

幼犬(<20周龄)患有轻度至中度的髋关节松弛,手术选择幼犬耻骨联合闭合术(JPS),通过阻止耻骨生长,促进髋臼腹外侧旋转,并随着骨盆的继续发育而获得更好的股骨头覆盖2,6,7。JPS已被证明在恢复(PennHIP DI 0.4-0.6,理想<0.5)的小狗的髋关节方面最有效7。最佳手术时机为12-16周龄,因为未来需依赖骨盆后续生长潜力),这也强调了早期筛查的重要性。

2.2 5-10月龄

随着所有犬不断成长,应该定期检查髋关节是否存在发育不良,包括跛行检查、Ortolani测试和髋关节触诊。建议5-10个月大的有髋关节的狗拍X光片观察有无关节松弛和髋关节发育不良的临床体征(例如,跛行、兔子跳、步态异常、按压疼痛)8,9。优先使用PennHIP X线片,但延展肢体腹背部X线片可提供有关髋关节松弛和继发性关节炎病变的信息。如果这个年龄段的狗X光显示半脱位但股骨头与髋臼仍有接触,且髋臼覆盖角<30°,可以考虑选择双骨盆截骨术(DPO)10或骨盆三联截骨术(TPO)11。

DPO和TPO手术改变髋臼的位置可以提供更多的股骨头覆盖;它们不适用于在X光片上出现严重半脱位或已存在退行性变化的犬12。

2.3 超过10月龄

对于年龄超过10月龄、已存在退行性关节病变或严重半脱位,或宠主经济条件受限的患犬,应采取保守治疗。治疗方案可包括:体重管理、运动调整、物理康复治疗、非甾体类抗炎药(NSAIDs)、软骨保护剂及其他辅助疗法13,14。

若保守治疗已尝试但临床反应不佳,可考虑实施挽救性手术,如全髋关节置换术、髋关节去神经术或股骨头颈部切除术15-21。

犬髋关节发育不良分级指南:https://ofa.org/diseases/hip-dysplasia/hip-grade-details/




参考文献

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犬髋关节发育不良的康复理疗(上)

犬髋关节发育不良的康复理疗(下)

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文章来源|Today Sveterinary Practice

翻译编辑|张秋雁

审 核|郭羽丽

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