*仅供医学专业人士阅读参考
GLP‑1RA“兼顾统筹”多重危险因素,持续推进“糖心肾”三重获益。
近40年来,2型糖尿病(T2DM)患病率逐年上升,对人类健康构成严重威胁,为社会经济发展及医疗卫生体系建设带来重大挑战。随着T2DM病程的进展,短期和长期血糖控制不佳增加了微血管和大血管并发症风险[1]。而在众多的并发症中,动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病(ASCVD)是最常见的一类,其致死率已占糖尿病患者死亡率的50%左右[2‑3]。
随着越来越多循证医学证据的出现,T2DM治疗理念发生转变,从最初的强化降糖到兼顾个体化差异,再到强调代谢多因素综合管理及强调关注心血管事件。理想的T2DM治疗药物需要满足以下几点:降糖疗效肯定,低血糖风险小,可改善患者体质量指数(BMI),并可带来心肾获益。
运筹帷幄,直击核心,全面优化血糖管理
降糖治疗是T2DM管理的核心,以达到理想的糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)水平为目标[4]。达到目标血糖水平,尤其在T2DM诊断后的早期,将血糖控制在目标范围内,可降低微血管并发症的发生率和进展,长期(10年以上)可降低心血管结局[5]。
近年来,胰高糖素样肽‑1受体激动剂(GLP‑1RA)因其优异的降糖效果深受各大指南的青睐,治疗地位逐渐攀升。胰高糖素样肽‑1(GLP‑1)可通过葡萄糖浓度依赖的方式促进胰岛素分泌,抑制胰高血糖素分泌,降低血糖。此外,其还具有延缓胃排空、抑制食欲,以及潜在的抑制β细胞凋亡等多种生理作用[6]。
研究证实,与日制剂相比,GLP‑1RA周制剂具有更平稳的血药浓度,患者可获得长期治疗的依从性[7,8]。作为新型GLP‑1RA周制剂,司美格鲁肽与天然人GLP‑1氨基酸序列具有高达94%的同源性,半衰期长达7天,皮下给药时血药浓度波动更小。SUSTAIN系列研究证实[9-16],司美格鲁肽单药、联合一种或两种口服药物以及联合基础胰岛素均可显著降低HbA1c水平。以中国人群为主的多中心临床试验SUSTAIN China研究,在二甲双胍治疗效果不佳的早期T2DM人群中证实了司美格鲁肽的疗效,中国T2DM人群HbA1c降低达1.8%,HbA1c达标率达86.1%[10,17]。
聚焦风险,综合防控,全面改善心肾结局
T2DM患者常合并肥胖、高血压、血脂异等,导致糖尿病患者ASCVD患病率显著升高[18]。此外,部分传统降糖药物能够增加体重,进一步增加了胰岛素抵抗,从而不利于血糖和血压的控制。因此对于T2DM患者,在控糖的同时亦应关注减重、控制血压和血脂,改善胰岛素抵抗。
在一项开放、对照、平行试验中,对合并多重ASCVD危险因素的T2DM患者采用综合强化治疗措施,包括降糖、降压、调脂及抗血小板等,历经13.3年的随访,主要终点事件绝对风险下降20%[19]。该研究证实,在T2DM早期进行多重危险因素干预可带来终点事件获益。
美国糖尿病协会(ADA)及中华医学会糖尿病学分会(CDS)新近发布的T2DM管理指南均强调,为减少主要不良心血管事件(MACE)风险,建议合并ASCVD或心血管风险高危的患者,不论其HbA1c是否达标,只要没有禁忌证,都应加用具有ASCVD获益证据的GLP‑1RA治疗[4,20]。包括全球56004例患者的7项大型临床研究荟萃分析显示,GLP‑1RA类药物可显著降低3P‑MACE(心血管死亡或非致死性心肌梗死或非致死性卒中复合事件)12%,降低心血管死亡风险12%,减少致死性和非致死性卒中16%,减少致死性或非致死性心肌梗死9%,降低全因死亡风险12%,减少因心力衰竭住院9%,减少肾脏复合终点(新发大量蛋白尿、肾小球滤过率下降30%、进展至终末期肾病或肾脏疾病导致死亡)17%,且未观察到严重低血糖、胰腺癌及胰腺炎风险增加[21]。
在我国,司美格鲁肽是第一个上市的具有心血管获益证据的GLP‑1RA周制剂,无论基线心血管风险如何,其都可以显著降低T2DM患者MACE风险和非致死性卒中风险,且安全性较好[22,23]。此外,司美格鲁肽能够降低新发肾病及肾病进展率,显著减少肾脏风险达36%,改善肾脏结局[24],并且能够降低收缩压,降低总胆固醇、甘油三酯和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平[25],改善T2DM患者多重心血管代谢危险因素,从而帮助糖尿病患者摆脱多重困境,改善临床结局和生活质量。
小结
综上所述,国内外治疗指南及循证证据夯实了GLP‑1RA类药物在合并心血管疾病或心血管高风险T2DM患者中的重要治疗地位。GLP‑1RA因其多重作用机制,在T2DM管理过程中起到了“追本溯源,直面核心”的作用。司美格鲁肽在有效改善胰岛β细胞功能、强效降糖的同时,兼具降压、调脂等优势,为患者带来了心血管、肾脏代谢的综合获益,增加了治疗依从性,优化了T2DM综合管理效果。
专家简介
赖红梅 教授
主任医师,医学博士,硕士研究生导师
新疆自治区人民医院心内科四病区主任
卫生部冠心病介入培训基地导师
新疆医学会第四届心血管病专业委员会常务委员
中国医师协会胸痛专业委员会胸痛影像与介入学组委员
新疆结构性心脏瓣膜病介入质控委员会委员
新疆抗癌协会整合肿瘤心脏病学专委会委员
主要从事冠心病介入以及心肌损伤预防与保护领域研究
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