编者按:5月8日是世界卵巢癌日。卵巢癌是死亡率最高的妇科癌症之一,因其早期症状隐匿——约70%的患者在确诊时已处于晚期。加上复发率高、预后较差,治疗手段有限等因素,其五年生存率不到50%。近年来,针对肿瘤DNA修复机制的精准治疗为卵巢癌患者带来了曙光,其中,PARP抑制剂的进展尤为瞩目。2017年,全球首个无需BRCA突变或其他生物标志物检测就可用于治疗的PARP抑制剂——尼拉帕利(niraparib,商品名:Zejula)在美国获批上市,为更广泛的卵巢癌患者群体提供了新的维持治疗选择。时值世界卵巢癌日之际,本文将分享卵巢癌治疗的发展历程及PARP抑制剂的诞生史。



图片来源:123RF

卵巢癌的治疗困境

卵巢癌是一种在妇女中较为常见的癌症,也是最为致命的妇科肿瘤之一。根据国际癌症研究机构(IARC)的统计,2022年全球范围内的卵巢癌新发病例数超过32万,因卵巢癌导致的死亡人数有近20.7万人。

长久以来,卵巢癌的标准治疗方案依赖于手术切除肿瘤,再辅以铂类(如顺铂或卡铂)联合紫杉烷类(如紫杉醇或多西他赛)的化疗。约80%的患者在接受一线治疗后有望获得完全缓解,但60%-80%术后仍有残留病灶的患者会在18个月内因化疗耐药而复发。尽管这类患者可以继续接受二线铂类化疗治疗,缓解率也很高,但仍有85%的患者会在两年内再次面临疾病进展。因此,对于这些出现完全缓解或部分缓解的患者来说,如何在化疗后保持“缓解状态”有着巨大的未竟医疗需求。


图片来源:123RF

21世纪初,靶向治疗时代的开启为卵巢癌患者带来了新的希望。2011年,欧洲率先批准了抗血管生成药物贝伐珠单抗(Avastin)与铂-紫杉烷类化疗的联合方案,用于晚期卵巢癌的一线治疗及维持治疗。三年后,美国FDA也批准了该药在铂类耐药复发性卵巢癌二线治疗中的应用。作为首个在卵巢癌领域取得突破的生物药,贝伐珠单抗曾让无数医患为之振奋。然而临床实践表明,这种药物虽然能暂时延缓疾病进展,却难以显著延长患者的总生存时间,加上该药有可能引发高血压、血栓甚至胃肠道穿孔等不良反应的风险,医学界寄希望于找到更加安全有效的新疗法。2014年,随着首款PARP抑制剂的问世,卵巢癌的治疗格局发生了革命性的变化。

百年前的科学发现催生抗癌新疗法

PARP抑制剂的研发历程可以追溯到一个多世纪前的科学发现。1922年,哥伦比亚大学的遗传学家Calvin Bridges博士在研究果蝇杂交时发现了一个有趣的现象:同时携带两个特定基因突变的果蝇无法存活,而其中任何一个基因单独突变却不会给果蝇带来致命伤害。20多年后,他的同事Theodore Dobzhansky教授在另一种果蝇中发现了类似现象,并且将其正式命名为合成致死(synthetic lethality)。他们没有想到的是,这一科学现象会在半个多世纪后为人类对抗癌症开辟出一条全新的道路。

1997年,Stephen H. Friend博士和他在弗雷德哈钦森癌症研究中心的同事联合在顶级期刊《科学》上发表开创性论文,提出合成致死可能为抗癌药物开发提供新的策略。他们指出,癌细胞携带着大量的基因突变,这些基因突变让它们与健康细胞相比具有不同的特征,同时也可能产生独特的弱点,那些能够与某种弱点(即癌症相关的基因突变)产生合成致死效应的基因或许可以成为癌症治疗的潜在靶点。


▲合成致死用于治疗癌症的理念(图片来源:参考资料[7])

2005年,英国两支独立研究团队在科学期刊《自然》上发表成果,首次证实了PARP抑制剂与BRCA1/2突变之间存在着合成致死的相互作用。我们知道,人体细胞每天会经历大量DNA损伤,包括单链和双链损伤,它们分别由PARP蛋白和BRCA蛋白修复。有趣的是,许多癌细胞都携带着BRCA1/2突变,该突变就像一把“双刃剑”,它虽然能提高癌细胞的变异能力,潜在增加其适应性,却也为其埋下了致命的弱点——如果同时抑制这类癌细胞的另一条DNA修复通路(例如使用PARP抑制剂),它们将会因为积累过多的突变而走向死亡。反之,BRCA功能正常的健康细胞则不会如此。这些结果验证了“合成致死”理论的可行性,也为将PARP抑制剂开发为针对BRCA1/2缺陷型癌症的精准单药疗法奠定了坚实基础。

基于“合成致死”概念,此前被作为放射和化疗增敏药物的PARP抑制剂的研发逻辑发生了转变,携带BRCA1/2种系突变(gBRCA1/2)的癌症患者成为了在临床上测试此类疗法的初始目标人群。经过多年的努力,这一创新理论终于在2014年年底结出硕果——全球首款PARP抑制剂奥拉帕利(olaparib,商品名:Lynparza)在美国获批上市,专门用于治疗具有BRCA种系突变的晚期卵巢癌患者。这一里程碑不仅为携带特定基因突变的卵巢癌患者带来了新的希望,同时也为后续PARP抑制剂的研发和上市铺平了道路。

首款不受生物标志物局限的PARP抑制剂诞生

由于携带BRCA1/2突变的卵巢癌患者仅占大约15%,在开发PARP抑制剂的过程中,科学家们也在思考如何扩大这类药物的受益人群。基于“合成致死”的原理,研究人员推测PARP抑制剂不仅会对携带BRCA1/2突变的肿瘤有效,对于所有具有同源重组修复缺陷(HRD)的肿瘤细胞应该也能发挥作用。研究表明,约50%的高级别浆液性卵巢癌存在HRD,这为扩大PARP抑制剂的适用人群提供了重要基础。

奥拉帕利获批后,更多的PARP抑制剂相继问世。其中,尼拉帕利的3期临床试验数据尤其令人瞩目。该药物最初由默沙东(MSD)开发,TESARO公司于2012年获得了其开发权益。


▲尼拉帕利的分子结构(图片来源:NIH)

2016年6月,TESARO公司公布了尼拉帕利的首个3期临床试验的积极结果:在携带gBRCA突变的患者中,尼拉帕利组的中位无进展生存期达到21个月,显著优于对照组的5.5个月;在非携带gBRCA突变但HRD为阳性的患者中,这一数据为12.9个月对比3.8个月;而包括HRD阳性和阴性患者在内的整体非携带gBRCA突变患者中,也显示出9.3个月对比3.9个月的显著获益。

时任TESARO公司首席执行官的Lonnie Moulder先生评价道:“从一开始,我们就非常看好这个试验设计,尤其是针对携带gBRCA突变的患者。现在的结果已经达到了我们积极的预期。”在同年10月举行的欧洲肿瘤内科学会(ESMO)上,TESARO进一步公布了令人振奋的数据——即使是HRD阴性的患者,也有五分之一能够实现超过18个月的无进展生存期改善。

基于这些突破性数据,FDA于2016年年底授予了尼拉帕利优先审评资格,并在短短三个月后批准其作为复发性上皮卵巢癌、输卵管癌或原发性腹膜癌女性患者的维持治疗,这些患者先前接受过铂类化疗并显示出完全缓解或部分缓解。值得一提的是,它还是首个获FDA批准,患者无需BRCA突变或其他生物标志物检测就可以接受治疗的PARP抑制剂。

时任TESARO总裁兼首席运营官的Mary Lynne Hedley博士表示,TESARO深感荣幸能将这一创新疗法带给卵巢癌患者。尼拉帕利能如此迅速获批,首先需要感谢所有参与临床试验的患者和研究人员,以及FDA的高效审评。TESARO承诺将继续支持那些勇敢面对卵巢癌的女性,并与各方紧密合作确保该变革性药物能到达需要的人手中。

让每一个梦想的潜能都得以充分释放

截至目前,全球上市的PARP抑制剂已达7款,其适用人群和适应症不断扩展,为卵巢癌及其他多种肿瘤患者带来了新的希望。PARP抑制剂开发的成功不仅革新了卵巢癌的治疗格局,更激励着研究人员探索更多合成致死相互作用。如今,新发现的合成致死基因对已突破DNA损伤修复通路的界限,向更广泛的信号通路延伸。


图片来源:123RF

在这一创新征程中,药明康德将继续秉持"让天下没有难做的药,难治的病"的使命,通过持续的能力建设和科技创新,赋能全球合作伙伴释放创新潜能。我们坚信,当每一个科学创意都能获得充分支持,当每一家创新企业都能获得专业赋能,医药健康领域必将涌现更多改变生命的突破。

在这个世界卵巢癌日展望未来,我们期待学术界、产业界与医疗界的深度融合,以更开放的创新生态加速攻克更多癌症难题!

Turning the Tide Against Ovarian Cancer

Editor's Note:May 8th marks World Ovarian Cancer Day – a moment to raise awareness of one of the most lethal gynecologic disorders. Ovarian cancer often goes undetected until it has reached an advanced stage, with nearly 70% of ovarian cancer patients diagnosed at an advanced stage due to subtle and easily overlooked early symptoms.


In recent years, advances in precision oncology, particularly therapies targeting tumor DNA repair mechanisms, have offered new hope. PARP inhibitors stand out among these therapies for expanding treatment options to a wider population of ovarian cancer patients. As research continues, such innovations bring new hope to those facing this challenging disease.


Ovarian cancer remains a significant global health challenge. According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), over 320,000 new cases were diagnosed globally in 2022, with nearly 207,000 deaths attributed to the disease.

Historically, treatment has relied on surgical tumor removal followed by platinum-based chemotherapy in combination with taxanes. While approximately 80% of patients achieve complete remission after first-line therapy, 60–80% relapse within 18 months, often due to chemotherapy resistance. Second-line platinum chemotherapy can offer temporary control, but 85% of patients still experience disease progression within two years.These challenges underscore the critical need for maintenance therapies that can extend remission and delay progression.

The 21st century ushered in an era of targeted cancer therapies. The development of PARP inhibitors was a major breakthrough, introducing a new class of drugs rooted in a concept known as synthetic lethality.

This concept dates back to a 1922 discovery, where researchers observed that while two individual gene mutations were harmless on their own, their combination proved lethal. This principle later informed cancer research: tumor cells with specific mutations could be selectively targeted by inhibiting a second, compensatory DNA repair pathway.

In normal cells, PARP proteins repair single-strand DNA breaks, while BRCA proteins repair double-strand breaks. In BRCA-deficient cancer cells, such as those found in some ovarian cancers, further blocking of PARP activity causes DNA damage to accumulate to a lethal threshold—effectively killing cancer cells while sparing healthy ones. This insight laid the groundwork for the development of PARP inhibitors as targeted cancer therapies.

The first PARP inhibitor, olaparib (Lynparza), was approved in 2014 for patients with BRCA-mutated advanced ovarian cancer.Following its success, several other PARP inhibitors entered clinical development.

For example, TESARO’s niraparib delivered particularly compelling results in a large Phase 3 clinical trial.In patients with BRCA mutations, niraparib extended median progression-free survival (PFS) to 21 months compared to 5.5 months with placebo.Even in patient group without BRCA mutations, niraparib still showed a median PFS of 9.3 months compared to 3.9 months.

These results led the U.S. FDA to grant Priority Review in late 2016, and niraparib was approved just three months later as a maintenance therapy for women with recurrent epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube, or primary peritoneal cancer who responded to platinum-based chemotherapy.

The journey of PARP inhibitors—from a century-old genetic insight to a life-extending therapy for thousands of women—is a testament to the power of science, perseverance, and global collaboration.

As we observe World Ovarian Cancer Day, we are reminded of both the immense challenge of this disease and the meaningful progress that innovative therapies can deliver. Together, through partnerships across borders and disciplines, we can continue to advance treatments and deliver hope to women around the world.

参考资料:

[1] Tavares V, Marques IS, Melo IG, Assis J, Pereira D, Medeiros R. Paradigm Shift: A Comprehensive Review of Ovarian Cancer Management in an Era of Advancements. Int J Mol Sci. 2024 Feb 3;25(3):1845. doi: 10.3390/ijms25031845. PMID: 38339123; PMCID: PMC10856127.

[2] Scott, L.J. Niraparib: First Global Approval. Drugs 77, 1029–1034 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40265-017-0752-y

[3] Heo, YA., Duggan, S.T. Niraparib: A Review in Ovarian Cancer. Targ Oncol 13, 533–539 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11523-018-0582-1

[4] Mateo J, Lord CJ, Serra V, Tutt A, Balmaña J, Castroviejo-Bermejo M, Cruz C, Oaknin A, Kaye SB, de Bono JS. A decade of clinical development of PARP inhibitors in perspective. Ann Oncol. 2019 Sep 1;30(9):1437-1447. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdz192. PMID: 31218365; PMCID: PMC6771225.

[5] Lumish MA, Kohn EC, Tew WP. Top advances of the year: Ovarian cancer. Cancer. 2024 Mar 15;130(6):837-845. doi: 10.1002/cncr.35135. Epub 2023 Dec 15. PMID: 38100616.

[6] Bray F, Laversanne M, Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2024 May-Jun;74(3):229-263. doi: 10.3322/caac.21834. Epub 2024 Apr 4. PMID: 38572751.

[7] Mullard. (2022). What’s next for the synthetic lethality drug discovery engine? Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41573-022-00107-0

[8] Biotech All Stars Buy Castoff Experimental Merck & Co., Inc. Cancer Drug. Retrieved June 7, 2012, from https://www.biospace.com/biotech-all-stars-buy-castoff-experimental-merck-and-co-inc-cancer-drug

[9] Tesaro rockets up after PARP inhibitor aces PhIII study and R&D rivalry intensifies. Retrieved June 29, 2016, from https://endpts.com/tesaros-parp-inhibitor-aces-phiii-ovarian-cancer-study-as-rd-rivalry-intensifies/

[10] Tesaro makes its case for a clean sweep with niraparib - and shares soar again. Retrieved June 29, 2016, from https://endpts.com/tesaro-makes-its-case-for-a-clean-sweep-with-niraparib-voiding-need-for-a-diagnostic/

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